Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This text transcribes, translates, and fully illustrates with photographs the inscription (more than 155 lines, in its damaged state) that carries the regulations drawn up over nearly two centuries for the customs dues of the rich province of Asia (western Turkey).

Customs administration --- Tariff --- Tariff (Roman law) --- Roman law --- Ad valorem tariff --- Border taxes --- Customs (Tariff) --- Customs duties --- Duties --- Fees, Import --- Import controls --- Import fees --- Tariff on raw materials --- Commercial policy --- Indirect taxation --- Revenue --- Favored nation clause --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Finance, Public --- Law and legislation --- History --- History.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

"Beginning in the 12th century, taxation increasingly became an essential component of medieval society in most part of Europe. The state building process, relations between princes and their subject cities or between citizens and their rulers, were deeply shaped by fiscal practices. Although medieval taxation has produced many publications over the past decades there remains no synthesis of this important subject. This volume provides a comprehensive overview on a European scale and suggests new paths of inquiry. It examines the fiscal systems and practices of medieval Europe, including essential themes such as medieval fiscal theory and the power to tax; royal, seigneurial and urban taxation; and Church taxation. It goes on to survey the entire European continent, as well as including comparative chapters on the non-European medieval world, exploring questions on how taxation developed and functioned; what kinds of problems authorities encountered assessing their fiscal power; and the circulation of fiscal cultures and practices across cities and kingdoms. The book also provides a glossary of the most important types of medieval taxes, giving an essential definition of key terms cited in the chapters. The Routledge Handbook of Taxation in Medieval Europe will appeal to a large audience, from seasoned scholars who need a comprehensive synthesis, to students and younger scholars in search of an overview of this critical subject"--

Cities and towns --- Cities and towns. --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Taxation --- Taxation. --- History --- Europe. --- Civilization, Medieval --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Medieval civilization --- Middle Ages --- Civilization --- Chivalry --- Renaissance

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

" Tout mandat impératif est nul ". L'importance de l'article 27 de la Constitution de 1958, que cet ouvrage propose de mettre en lumière, est à la mesure du désintérêt que lui porte le droit constitutionnel. Cette disposition induit que l'élu dispose plutôt d'un mandat représentatif dont l'examen suscite davantage l'intérêt. Par son mandat général, libre et qu'il est présumé exercer conformément à la volonté de la Nation, le représentant bénéficie d'une indépendance l'autorisant à agir avec la latitude nécessaire à la poursuite de l'intérêt général. Une fois ceci admis, il demeure pourtant plusieurs questions : qu'est-ce qu'un mandat impératif ? Dans quels cas l'élu devra-t-il être regardé comme soumis à cette pratique et que risque-t-il le cas échéant ? Si la règle est reproduite avec la force de l'évidence depuis 1791 au sein de nos institutions, il faut reconnaître qu'elle n'a pas la clarté parfois affirmée. D'une part, aucun texte juridique français n'a jamais défini le mandat impératif. D'autre part, les discours sur cet objet du droit constitutionnel (tenus par les historiens, la doctrine publiciste, ou les représentants politiques eux-mêmes) montrent qu'il peut être interprété de manières très différentes, suivant les positions de leurs auteurs et les époques. Ces constats invitent à une analyse approfondie de la règle qui interdit le mandat impératif. Cet ouvrage montre que, loin d'être figée, elle fluctue avec l'environnement historique et théorique dans lequel elle s'insère et qu'elle peut (et doit) encore retenir l'attention pour penser le régime représentatif

Mandat --- Droit constitutionnel --- Histoire constitutionnelle --- Parlements --- Constitutional law --- War and emergency powers --- Pouvoirs exceptionnels --- France --- Parliament --- Powers and duties. --- Parlement --- Pouvoirs et fonctions --- Constitutional history --- Representative government and representation --- Gouvernement représentatif

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

A rollicking portrait of the paradoxical patriot, whose measured pragmatism helped make American independence a reality.Americans are surprisingly more familiar with his famous signature than with the man himself. In this spirited account of John Hancock's life, Brooke Barbier depicts a patriot of fascinating contradictions-a child of enormous privilege who would nevertheless become a voice of the common folk; a pillar of society uncomfortable with radicalism who yet was crucial to independence. About two-fifths of the American population held neutral or ambivalent views about the Revolution, and Hancock spoke for them and to them, bringing them along.Orphaned young, Hancock was raised by his merchant uncle, whose business and vast wealth he inherited-including household slaves, whom Hancock later freed. By his early thirties, he was one of New England's most prominent politicians, earning a place on Britain's most-wanted list and the derisive nickname King Hancock. While he eventually joined the revolution against England, his ever moderate-and moderating-disposition would prove an asset after 1776. Barbier shows Hancock appealing to southerners and northerners, Federalists and Anti-Federalists. He was a famously steadying force as president of the fractious Second Continental Congress. He parlayed with French military officials, strengthening a key alliance with his hospitable diplomacy. As governor of Massachusetts, Hancock convinced its delegates to vote for the federal Constitution and calmed the fallout from the shocking Shays's Rebellion.An insightful study of leadership in the revolutionary era, King Hancock traces a moment when passion was on the side of compromise and accommodation proved the basis of profound social and political change.

Governors --- Statesmen --- battle lexington. --- boston massacre. --- british. --- concord. --- declaration. --- dorothy quincy. --- george washington. --- jefferson. --- philadelphia. --- popularity. --- ratification. --- samuel adams. --- siege. --- sons liberty. --- stamp act. --- tea party. --- thomas hancock. --- townshend duties. --- Hancock, John, --- Influence. --- United States --- History

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The United Nations in Global Tax Coordination fills the decade-long knowledge gap in international tax history concerning the UN Fiscal Commission, which functioned as the overarching fiscal authority during the early post-World War II economic order. With insights from political economy and international relations scholarship, this critical archival examination chronicles the tenacious activism by post-colonial developing countries to preserve source taxation rights, and by the UN Secretariat in championing the development of equitable tax rules. Such activism would ultimately lead developed countries to oust the UN as a forum for international tax norm setting. The book includes a revealing prehistory of the wartime work of the League of Nations that questions the legitimacy of the Mexico Model, the first model tax convention between developed and developing countries. This expertly researched work is essential reading for understanding the roles of politics, states, secretariats and private actors in directing global tax coordination.

Taxation --- International business enterprises --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Business enterprises, International --- Corporations, International --- Global corporations --- International corporations --- MNEs (International business enterprises) --- Multinational corporations --- Multinational enterprises --- Transnational corporations --- Business enterprises --- Corporations --- Joint ventures --- Law and legislation --- International unification --- History --- United Nations. --- History.